More recently, it has been proposed that bacterial surface adhesins could favor the persistence of probiotic bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract. It has also been suggested that increasing bacterial lysis by weakening the LAB cell wall can improve the efficiency of LAB as antigen-delivery vectors in immune system stimulation efforts. Research has also focused on the need to favor LAB cell wall disruption to provoke autolysis, so that, during cheese ripening, bacteria release their cytoplasmic content, which is rich in enzymes involved in the development of organoleptic properties. The LAB cell wall has been the subject of research because it contains receptors for bacteriophages that threaten milk fermentation. When it comes to the technological and health applications of LAB, cell wall composition, structure, and component organization play major roles. Finally, due to their GRAS (generally recognized as safe) status, LAB may be suitable vectors for the delivery of therapeutic proteins or antigens to mucosal surfaces. Certain natural LAB strains, lactobacilli strains in particular, are commercially sold as probiotics with health-promoting properties. Furthermore, LAB are present in the human gut microbiota. They play key roles in food preservation and contribute to the development of food texture and flavor. These bacteria metabolize sugars, mainly converting them to lactic acid, and are widely used as starters in the fermentation of food such as meat, vegetables, fruit, beverages, and milk. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are Gram-positive bacteria that belong to numerous genera, including Lactococcus, Enterococcus, Oenococcus, Pediococcus, Streptococcus, and Lactobacillus. Since it serves as the interface between the bacterial cell and its environment, the cell wall also mediates bacterial interactions with abiotic surfaces, infecting bacteriophages, or eukaryotic host cells. Furthermore, it must remain flexible to accommodate the remodeling that is required for cell division and growth. The cell wall has multiple functions during bacterial growth, including maintaining bacterial cell integrity and shape as well as resisting internal turgor pressure. It consists of a peptidoglycan (PG) sacculus that surrounds the cytoplasmic membrane and that is decorated with other glycopolymers, such as teichoic acids (TAs) or polysaccharides (PSs), and proteins. The cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria is a complex arrangement of macromolecules. Given the potential of this research to contribute to future applied strategies, in our discussion of the role played by cell wall components in LAB physiology, we pay special attention to the mechanisms controlling bacterial autolysis, bacterial sensitivity to bacteriophages and the mechanisms underlying interactions between probiotic bacteria and their hosts. Although general structures and biosynthesis pathways are conserved among Gram-positive bacteria, studies have revealed that LAB cell walls demonstrate unique properties these studies have yielded some notable, fundamental, and novel findings. We present recent findings regarding the structure and function of these complex compounds, results that have emerged thanks to the tandem development of structural analysis and whole genome sequencing. In this review, we examine the different components of the Gram-positive cell wall: peptidoglycan, teichoic acids, polysaccharides, and proteins. It is now recognized that understanding the composition, structure, and properties of LAB cell walls is a crucial part of developing technological and health applications using these bacteria. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are traditionally and widely used to ferment food, and they are also the subject of more and more research because of their potential health-related benefits. It plays a major role in bacterial physiology since it maintains cell shape and integrity during growth and division in addition, it acts as the interface between the bacterium and its environment. It consists of a thick peptidoglycan sacculus that surrounds the cytoplasmic membrane and that is decorated with teichoic acids, polysaccharides, and proteins. The cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria is a complex assemblage of glycopolymers and proteins.
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